The Fall Of Rome

The Fall Of Rome

: World History, and today we’re going to talk about the fall of Rome. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green!Who’s that pretty lady? That lady, me-from-the-past, is Emperor Justinian.We’ll get to him in a minute. [Theme Music] How and when Rome fell remains the subject of considerable historical debate— but today I’m going to argue that the Rome didn't really fully fall until the middle of the 15th century. But first, let me introduce you to The Traditional View: Barbarians at the Gates.My, don’t you look traditional? If you want to be really technical about it,the city of Rome was conquered by bar bar bar barbarians in 476CE. 

The Fall Of Rome

There was a last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus,who ruled the empire for less than a year before being deposed and sent into exile bracero, who was some kind of barbarian- we don't know for sure. Ostrogoth, Hun, Visigoth, Vandals;they all looked the same to the Romans. Rome had been sacked by barbarians before,most notably by Alaric the Visigoth in 410- Is it Uh-lar-ick or Uh-lair-ick?The dictionary says Uh-lair-ick but The Vampire Diaries say Uh-lar-ick soI’m going to go with Uh-lar-ick. But anyway, after 476

The Fall Of Rome

, there was never againa “Roman” emperor in Rome. Then there’s the hipper anti-imperialistic argument— that’s nice, but if you really want to go full hipster you should probably deny that you’re beinghipst— right, exactly—which goes like this: Rome was doomed to fall as soon as it outspread of Italy because the further the territory is from the capital, the harder it is to govern. Thus imperialism itself sowed the seeds of destruction in Rome. This was the argument put forth by the Roman historian Tacitus, although he put it in the mouth of a British chieftain. That sounded dirty, but it’s not,it’s all about context here on Crash Course: "To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lyingname of empire; they make a desert and call it peace.” There are two ways to overcome this governance problem: 


First, you rule with the proverbial topaz fist— that’s not the proverb? Really, Stan?It’s an iron fist? But topaz is much harder than iron.Don’t these people know their Ohs scale of mineral hardness?


.. Regardless,the Romans couldn’t do this because their whole identity was wrapped up in an idea of justice that precluded indiscriminate violence. The other strategy is to try to incorporate conquered people into the empire more fully: In Rome’s case,to make them Romans. This worked really well in the early daysof the Republic and even at the beginning of the Empire.But it eventually led to Barbarians inside the Gates. The decline of the legions started long before Rome started getting sacked. It really began with the extremely bad decision to incorporate Germanic warriors into the Roman Army. Rome had a long history of absorbing people from the empire’s fringes into the polity first by making them allies and then eventually by granting them full citizenship rights. But usually these “foreign” citizens had developed ties to Rome itself; they learned Latin, they bought into the whole idea of the aristocratic republic. But by the 3rd and 4th centuries CE,


 though,the empire had been forced to allow the kind of riffraff into their armywho didn’t really care about the idea of Rome itself.They were only loyal to their commanders. —And as you no doubt remember from the historicalexamples of Caesar, Pompey, Marius, contemporary Afghanistan—this is not a recipe for domestic bliss. So here is Rome,stuck with a bunch of expensive and bloody wars against Germanic peoples who were reallygood at fighting and then they had a great idea:Why not fight with these guys? So they essentially hired themand soon the Roman Legions were teeming with these mercenarieswho were loyal mostly to gold, secondarily to their commanders,and not at all to Rome which is a place that very few of them evereven saw. I mean, why would they give a crap about thehealth and well-being of the empire? Am I allowed to say crap, Stan?Nice. This was of course a recipe for civil war,and that’s exactly what happened with general after general after generaldeclaring himself Emperor of Rome. So there was very little stability in theWest. For instance, between 235 and 284 CE, 41 differentpeople were either emperor or claimed to be emperor.

The Fall Of Rome

 And after the year 200,many of the generals who were powerful enough to proclaim themselves emperors weren’teven Roman. In fact, a lot of them didn’t speak muchLatin. Oddly enough, one of the best symbols of thenew face of the Roman Empire was sartorial. Instead of the traditional tunic and togaof the glory days of the Senate, most of the new general-emperors adopted thatmost practical and most barbaric of garments: pants. Oh, which reminds me,it’s time for the Open Letter. An Open Letter to Pants: But first let's see what's inside the secret compartment. Oh, look, it's Rosie the Riveter! And she's wearing PANTS. Dear Pants, Although you eventually becamea symbol of patriarchal oppression, in your early days you were worn by both menand women. And in the days of the Roman Republic, theyhated you. 


They thought you barbarous.They thought that people wearing you was the definition of people lacking civilization. They ventured north and the wind blew up throughtheir togas and lo and behold, they adopted pants. And there’s a history lesson in that, pants,which is that when people have to choose between civilization and warm genitals,they choose warm genitals. Best Wishes,John Green And now a note from our sponsor:Today’s episode of crash course is brought o you bythe all-new Oldsmobile Byzantium, mixing power and luxury in a way-Really? Oldsmobile isn’t a company anymore? And Byzantium is a place?Are you sure? So remember when I said the Roman Empire survivedtil the 15th century? Well that was the Eastern Roman Empire, commonlyknown as the Byzantine Empire (although not by the people who lived in itwho identified themselves as Romans). 


So while the Western empire descended intochaos, the eastern half of the Empire had its capitalin Byzantium, a city on the Bosporus Strait that Constantinewould later rename Constantinople, thereby paving the way forThey Might Be Giants only mainstream hit. Constantine had lots of reasons to move hiscapitol east. For one thing he was born in modern-day Croatia,also he probably spoke better Greek than Latin, and plus the eastern provinces were a lotricher than the Western provinces and from a looting perspective, you justwant to be closer to where the good warring is. The enemies in the East,


 like the PersianParthians and the Persian Sassanians, were real empires,not just bands of warriors. And no matter who you were in world history,if you wanted to make a name for yourself in terms of war,you really needed to be up against the Persians. EVEN IF you were—wait for it— the Mongols. Not this time, friends. As the political center of the Roman Empireshifted east, Constantine also tried to re-orient his newreligion, Christianity, toward the east, holding the first Church council in Nicaeain 325. The idea was to get all Christians to believethe same thing- that worked-but it did mark the beginning of the emperor having greater control over the Church. That trend would of course later lead to tensionsbetween the church centered at Constantinople and the one centered in Rome.But, more on that in a bit.


 To give you a sense of how dramatic this shiftwas, by the 4th century CE, Constantinople’spopulation had soared while Rome’s had gone from 500,000 to 80,000. And although the Byzantines spoke Greek notLatin, they considered themselves Romans and if they did then we probably should too.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. There was a lot of continuity between theold, Western Roman Empire, and the new, Eastern one.Politically, each was ruled by a single (sometimes there were two, and once therewere four– but let’s forget about them for now)who wielded absolute military power. War was pretty much constant as the Byzantinesfought the Persian Sassanian Empire and then various Islamic empires. 


Trade and valuable agricultural land thatyielded high taxes meant that the Byzantine Empire was like the Western Roman Empire,exceptionally rich, and it was slightly more compact as a territorythan its predecessor and much more urban, containing as it did all of those once independentGreek city states, which made it easier to administer. Also like their Western counterparts, theByzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport. Chariot races in Constantinople were huge,with thousands turning out at the Hippodrome to cheer on their favorites. Big bets were placed and there was a hugerivalry not just about sports but also about political affiliations betweenthe two main teams, the Blues and the Greens-Thanks for putting us on the Greens, Thought Bubble.


That rivalry was so heated that riots often broke out between them.In one such riot, an estimated 30,000 people were killed. Thanks Thought Bubble.But perhaps the most consistently Roman aspect of Byzantine society was that they followedRoman law. The Romans always prided themselves on beingruled by laws, not by men,and even though that’s not actually the case after the second century BCE,there’s no question that the Eastern Roman Empire’s codification of Roman lawswas one of it’s greatest achievements. And much of the credit for that goes to themost famous Byzantine Emperor, at least after Constantine,Justinian. I like your brooch, sir. In 533 Justinian published the Digest, an800,000-word condensation of 1,528 Latin law books. And to go along with this he published theInstitutes, which was like a curriculum for the Romanlaw schools that existed all through the Empire. Justinian, 


incidentally, was by far the mostawesome of the Byzantine emperors. He was like the David Tennant of doctors. He was born a peasant somewhere in the Balkansand than rose to became emperor in 527. He ruled for almost 30 years and in additionto codifying Roman law, he did a lot to restore the former glory ofthe Roman Empire. 


He took Carthage back, he even took Romeback from the Goths, although not for long. And he’s responsible for the building ofone of the great churches in all of time— which is now a mosque—the Hagia Sophia or Church of Saint Wisdom. So after one of those sporting riots destroyedthe previous church, he built this,which with its soaring domes became a symbol for the wealth and opulence of his empire. The Romans were remarkable builders and engineersand the Hagia Sophia is no exception: a dome its equal wouldn’t be build for another500 years. But you would never mistake it for a Romantemple; It doesn’t have the austerity or the emphasison engineering that you see, for instance, the Coliseum. And this building in many ways functions asymbol for the ways the Eastern Roman Empire was both Roman and not. But maybe the most interesting thing Justinianever did was be married to his controversial Theater Personof a wife, Theodora.Hey Danica, can we get Theodora up here? Wow that is perfect. 


It’s funny how married couples always look like each other. Theodora began her career as an actress, dancer,and possible prostitute before become Empress. And she may have saved her husband’s rule by convincing him not to flee the city during riots between the Blues and Greens. She also mentored a eunuch who went on to become a hugely important general- Mentoring a eunuch sounds like a euphemism,but it’s not. And she fought to expand the rights of womenin divorce and property ownership, and even had a law passed taking the boldstance that adulterous women should not be executed. 


So, in short,the Byzantines continued the Roman legacy of empire and war and law for almost 1000 years after Romulus Augustus was driven out of Rome. The Byzantines may not have spoken Latin,and few of their emperors came from Rome, but in most important ways they were Romans.Except one REALLY IMPORTANT way. The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern or sometimes Greek Orthodox. How there came to be a split between the Catholic and Orthodox traditions is complicated – you might even call it Byzantine. What matters for us are the differences between the churches, the main doctrinal one being about the dating of Easter, 


and the main political one being about who rules whom. Did I get my whom right there, Stan?YES! In the West there was a Pope and in the East there was a Patriarch. The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church. He sort of serves as god’s regent on earth and he doesn’t answer to any secular ruler. And ever since the fall of Rome,there has been a lot of tension in Western Europe between Popes and kings-over who should have the real power. But in the Orthodox church they didn’t have that problem because the Patriarch was always appointed-by the Emperor. 


So it was pretty clear who had control over the church, so much that they even have a word for it-malapropism: Caesar over Pope. But the fact that in Rome there was no emperor after 476 meant there was no one to challenge the Pope,which would profoundly shape European history over the next, like, 1200 years. So I would argue that in some important ways,the Roman Empire survived for a thousand years after it left Rome,but in some ways it still survives today. It survives in our imagination when we think of this as east, and this as west; It survives in football rivalries that have their roots in religious conflicts; and it survives in the Justinian law code which continues to be the basis for much of civil law in Europe. Next week we’ll talk about the emergence of Islam over here... How’d I do, Stan?Well, you can’t win ‘em all. Thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by StanMuller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson.The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself andour graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week’s Phrase of the Week was“Aristotelian logic”. You can guess this week’s Phrase of theWeek or suggest new ones in Comments, where you can also ask questions that ourteam of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown,Don’t forget to be awesome.